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Saturday, 30 March 2024

 We travelled to the Barabar caves through Gaya. The 10 km stretch from Bela to the rock-cut caves of Barabar Hill is perhaps the worst road I have travelled on  so far. The villagers say that the road has not been repaired for decades.


Our local contact Avinash met us midway to the Hills who accompanied us as our guide . He told us that the twin hills of Nagarjuna and Barabar comprise of seven rock-cut caves, the oldest of it kind in India. 
These caves were built for the now defunct Ajivika monks during the reins of Ashoka and Dashrath (Ashoka’s descendant) between 3rd and 2nd cent BCE. 

We decided to drive to the Barabar Hill first about 1.5 kms from the Nagarjuna Hill. Avinash, our guided highlighted us that the Barabar Hill comprised of four rock-cut caves. 


The stairs lead to the caves in the Nagarjuna Hills

The Barabar Rock-Cut caves

                   (Co ordinates: Long: 85 deg 3' 46.8" E Lat : 25 deg 0' 18" N)


Arriving at the Barabar Hill we began ascending the steps that would lead us to the caves.Today Hindu temples have been built both at the bottom and at the peak of the hill. 
Avinash narrated that Archaeological Survey of India has put up gates at the entrance of the caves as visitors were desecrating the ancient caves by writing on their walls.The four rock-cut caves in Barabar are believed to have been made between the 3rd to 2nd cent BC during the Mauryan era perhaps by Piyadasi Ashoka the Great; all of which were dedicated to the bhikshus of the Ajivika sect

 

The three caves of Karan Chaupar, Lomas and Sudama are crafted in one submarine type monolithic granite stone of which Karan Chaupar is at the North West and the rest two on the opposite side.

These caves are believed to be older than the ones of Nagarjuna. One learns from the inscriptions that the Hill during the Mauryan period was called Khalatika Hill. 
According to a new set of researchers the earlier scholars had missed out on the word "nishidhi" in the inscriptions which according to them means attaining moksha by fasting to death much similar to the manner of the Jainas. This find shows that the Ajivika ascetics may had also practiced the death ritual in these caves.

Karan Chauper cave

Built possibly around 245 BC, the cave has a floor area of about 10 X 4.2. m. The name seems Hindu in origin is sure to have been ordained later. The Brahmi script on the doorway wall however names the cave as Supiya cave. 
The back wall to the NW has a platform perhaps for the high priest to address the congregated Ajivika bhikshus. The polished entrance to the cave opens to 20 deg NE of N. The rock-cut cave reveals stunning acoustics.
The inscription states,  "The King's grace when he had been sanctified nineteen years granted the Supiya Cave in Khalatika Hill for as long as the sun and moon endure."


The Karan Chaupar Cave


The glossy surface of the inner walls of the cave like the other ones is fascinating. Notice the  flash of the camera  being reflected by the shinny back wall. The platform was perhaps meant of the Guru or the Chief Monk to sit and address the resident monks


The opposite back wall of the Karan Chauper with the door at its side


Lomas Rishi cave

Elephants have been carved on the arch type entrance on the facade which can be seen paying obeisance to a stupa (perhaps that of Buddha) which was perhaps a copy of wooden structures of contemporary times. 

The inside has two chambers which seem to have been deserted leaving the cave unfinished.
The ceilings  and the floors of both the chambers has distinct chisel marks.  The reason that the cave was deserted is clear as a long crack can be viewed inside the cave. Rain water still seeps in through this crack and the cave gets flooded during monsoon suggesting that habitation in the cave during ancient times was impossible for the monks hence was deserted.
The back wall has two horses drawn on them. The doorway which also houses inscription  on it  opens up towards 220 deg SW. One 7th/8th century inscription speaks of Sardulvarman and his son Ananatvarman of the Maukhari dynasty. The inscription also suggest that a Krishna idol was once placed inside the cave by them.


The facade of the Lomas cave. The exquisite carving here shows the elephants offering their reverence to a stupa 


The ASI caretaker opens the gate of the Lomas cave for us.


The unfinished floor of this unfinished Lomas cave

The roof of the unfinished inner sanctum of the Lomas replicates a circular mud hut..

The linear crack in the unfinished ceiling of the Lomas is visible here. Rain water seeped in through this crack during the monsoon flooding the cave which perhaps compelled the artisans to desert it without its completion.


SUDAMA OR NIGOHA KUBBA OR THE BANYAN TREE CAVE: 


Located just adjacent to the Lomas cave and behind the Karan Chaupar was supposedly built around 261 BC making it the oldest rock-cut caves of them all .
The cave also has two chambers similar to the Lomas cave. This cave too has been given a Hindu name but according to the inscription on the doorway the cave was originally named "Nigoha Kuba" or the "Banyan Tree cave" .

The mysterious science fiction type inner chamber is actually  the copy of a circular mud hut of yesteryear. 


The circular chamber has acoustics that has to be heard to be believed.The creation of the stunning echo effect inside the inner chamber required for their rituals is perhaps testimony of high skill of science prevalent among these unknown skilled artisans during the Mauryan era. 

Pillars in front the entrance of the cave have been found during the excavation suggesting that the entrance was once perhaps more grand. The shine of this cave wall also known as the Mauryan shine is indeed stunning and is the best of all the caves. The doorway also opens towards 220 deg SW.

The inscription on the doorway reads "The Banyan Tree cave was granted to the Ajivikas by the king's grace when he had been consecrated twelve years."




The Sudama Cave is believed to be the oldest of the caves. Lomas can be seen  in the right.

The inside of the Sudama. The cracked back wall has a recess carved in perhaps for a standing Buddha idol to be inserted in there.

The rock art of two horses done on the back wall.

The glossy doorway like all the rest of the doorways has a narrowed top and a wide bottom. Notice the flash of the glossy wall.


This mysterious science-fiction type structure inside the Sudama Cave in actuality is a prayer room  duplicating a circular mud hut. The architecture is stunning and  so is the gloss finish on the exterior and even on the circular inner walls. The echo  inside this hemispherical dark chamber is just incredible.

Vishwa Jhopdi cave:

The cave is the smallest of them all and can be reached by steps carved during the Mauryan period known today as Ashokan steps.

The property of the granite rocks here is such that walking on the steps over two millennia has also polished them, therefore one needs to be careful walking on them lest one may skid and fall.

The cave actually comprises of two cubical prayer rooms. the entrance is much different from the rest and also opens up to 220 deg SW. Many scholars believe the cave resemble many Egyptian architecture.

 






Both the above images are of the Vishwamitra or the Vishwa Jhopdi Cave. The small cave is different from the rest as it also has a different sized entrance way as well.


The Ashoka steps. The steps were sculpted during Ashoka era for the ascetics to ascend the caves. Notice the perforation to reduce the slipperiness.


The musical stone. Avinash demonstrates the musical quality of this amazing stone near the Viswa Jhopdi cave.

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                 The Nagarjuna Rock-Cut Caves

                                          Long: 85 deg 4'37.56' Eat: 25 deg 0' 51.84' N


After the rock-cut caves in the Barabar Hill it was our time to visit the Nagarjuna Hill some 1.5 kms away in which as Avinash enlightened us were three rock-cut caves. 

Monks of the now extinct Ajivkas sect too were believed to have resided and practiced their religion in these caves.
The hill is named after the Buddhist ascetic Nagarjuna, the founder of the Madhyamaka School of the Mahayana Buddhism.


The Nagarjuna caves are named as under:


Gopika (Gopi-ka-Kuba)

Vadithika (Vadithi-ka-Kuba)
Vapiyaka also known as Mirza Mandi (Vapiya-ka-Kuba)


The caves sculpted out of the granite rocks in the hill have been polished to give an extraordinary gloss finish that is seen to be believed. The perfect semicircles, arcs, spheres, hemispheres and linear edges too are unique.

The glass finish doorways have narrow tops and broadened bottoms and generally open up towards 220 SW of S which could be the direction of Bodh Gaya. This would mean the artisans looked hard to find the boulders whose  sides had such a  bearing in which the caves could be dug in.
The inscription reveals that Ashoka's descendant Dashratha devoted this cave to the Ajivikas. This inscription is in all the three rock-cut caves of the Nagarjuna Hill.

 


The Nagarjuna Hill, where there are three rock-cut caves.


 

Climbing up the ancient steps of the Nagarjuna Hill with Abhishek Mishra while Abhinash is a dot seen standing high up there near the Gopika caves



The Gopika Cave

The inner sanctum of the Gopika cave. The polished semi circular wall and the hemispherical ceiling is visible.

The glass finish doorway with Brahmi script on the right wall.


The Brahmi script on the left wall of the entrance to the cave with a possible Peepul leaf below  is also visible. Note the  precise right-angled edges .



The amazing science fiction type entrance to the Vadathika rock-cut cave.


Another view of the Star Wars type entrance to the cave. Note the precise edges. The polished doorways narrow at the top and broaden at the bottom.


The inner sanctum of the Vadathika cave. Note the architecture and the gloss shine of the inner sanctum.


The entrance of this cave is on the back wall and not on the side . The shinning side wall of the entrance is also visible. Like all the doorways here this one too is narrowed at its top and is broadened at the bottom.


THE VAHUVIKA OR VAPYA-KA-KUBBA CAVE


There is a well next to this cave which has dried up today. The name of the cave Vapya-ka-Kubba means "The cave next to the well" which suggests that it is for the well the cave had acquired its name.

The Vapiyaka cave is also visible to the left of the Vadathika cave.




This dried well is near the Vapiyaka cave that lends it name to the cave: Vapya-ka-Kubba or the Cave of the Well.



The hemispherical back wall of the Vapiyaka cave. Note how neatly the arcs, both at the top and the floor have been crafted.



Note the gloss finish of the doorway of Vapiyaka and the Brahmi script on the left wall. The circular holes both at the floor and the ceiling perhaps points to the fact that a wooden or iron door was fixed here.

The rock-cut caves exude exemplary skill of the artisans who created the caves. The perfect semicircles, arcs, spheres, hemispheres and linear and the inclined edges and the glossy finish of the walls have elevated these caves into masterpieces. 

No one for sure knows who the artisans were. Were these craftsmen Indians or were they hired from Persia or Greece; no one knows for sure. 

But the polish has been christened as Mauryan Polish. Several statues and idols and even the Ashoka Pillars have been given this polish that has survived till date. What ingredients were used to acquire the shine is not known but the outstanding craftsmanship has survived the ravages of time for us to ponder as to how did the ancients do this...   

Wednesday, 11 January 2023

MEGALITHIC AND OTHER POEMS


THE HERITAGE TRUST of  England features my poem THE MESSENGER  in their blog.

Click on the link below to read:

https://megalithicpoems.blogspot.com/2012/04/messenger.html


RUPKATHA  JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES IN HUMANITIES features three of my poems in their journal.

Click on the link below to read :

https://rupkatha.com/poems-subhashis-das/

Sunday, 23 October 2022

Katia Murwey

Subhashis Das stands beside one of the tall standing stones in the megalithic complex of Katia Murwey.

 To know more about this amazing megalithic complex, you can read about it in one of my books THE ARCHAEOASTRONOMY OF A FEW MEGALITHIC SITES OF JHARKHAND, published by Niyogi Books  New Delhi.


Click at the link below to catch a glimpse of the book: 
https://www.niyogibooksindia.com/books/the-archaeoastronomy-of-a-few-megalithic-sites-of-jharkhand


Click at the Amazon link below to purchase the book: 
https://www.amazon.in/Archaeoastronomy-Few-Megalithic-Sites-Jharkhand/dp/9386906163

Thursday, 20 October 2022

LARGEST CUPMARK SITE OF JHARKHAND IN EAST INDIA

The largest cupule site of Jharkhand at Silwar in Hazaribagh 
 The largest cupule site of Jharkhand is at Silwar in Hazaribagh. Cupules on horizontal stones.


 Cupules on vertical stones in Jharkhand


https://www.chitrolekha.com/V6/n3/02_cupules.pdf


Click on the above link to read my paper to know more of the above mentioned cupmarks in Hazaribagh and cupules on megaliths in Jharkhand; all discovered by me.

or 


Click on the above link to read another of my paper on cupules on megaliths in  Hazaribagh; all discovered by me and appeared in Purakala.



Tuesday, 4 October 2022

My new book on MEGALITHS OF JHARKHAND with OUTLOOK TRAVELLER GETAWAYS

 Subhashis Das



  My new book on the Megaliths of Jharkhand called LOST HERITAGE OF JHARKHAND INCLUDING MEGALITHS is published with three other booklets of OUTLOOK TRAVELLER GETAWAYS under the jacket of COLOURS OF JHARKHAND.

  In this new book/booklet I have cited not only the various megaliths (most of which are my discoveries) of the state but other heritages as well, as that of the archaeological site of Benisagar in West Singhbhum, the fascinating colourful mud huts of the Ho tribes, rock cut temples, various water bodies around Ranchi, the different haunts of the migratory birds and scores of alluring places. 

The book is interspersed with fascinating photographs of a variety of megalithic architectures of the state from Chatra, to Chaibasa including Hazaribagh, Lohardagga etc clicked by me and by others apart from the other lesser known heritages of the state. 

Written lucidly as an itinerant traveller, the book is indeed worth a read hence is worth a buy. 



Apart from the LOST HERITAGE OF JHARKHAND INCLUDING MEGALITHS the COLOURS OF JHARKHAND is an assortment of three other interesting booklets called WATERFALLS OF JHARKHAND, FAMOUS TEMPLES OF JHARKHAND, CULTURE, CRAFTS AND CUISINE OF JHARKHAND.

The booklets would soon be available in all book stores and stalls of the country and also on line.


Wednesday, 2 January 2019

the astronomical megaliths of Rola/Chano completely destroyed

The demolished astronomical megaliths of Rola/Chano


Rola/Chano megalithic complex in her hey days.

It was about 20 years ago that I had first discovered this tiny megalithic site of Chano also known as Rola. Finding this to be a tiny megalith I held this to be an insignificant site while I contemplated on my other discovered megalithic sites.

Much later only when I took up Rola/Chano megaliths as my study site then I realized what a major site this was; something which the country had never seen earlier.
The site was indeed a very early form of a sasandiri burial of the erstwhile tribals. Apart from this I found the megalithic complex was exactly located at the intersection of the alignments of the hills in the landscape. The stones in the site were positioned perfectly aligned to the hills in the landscape.

The site I found was oriented towards the sunrises and sets of both the Summer and Winter Solstices. Black and Red Wares (BRW); a rarity in Jharkhand have found by the plough adjacent to the site. Stone tools as scrapers, point, blades an iron implements as tattoo maker, nail pairer and fragment of a bone flute has been found in situ from the site and these are all in my personal museum.
There were more basic mathematics and horizon astronomy in the site which I have mentioned in two of my books: SACRED STONES IN INDIAN CIVILIZATION and THE ARCHAEOASTRONOMY OF A FEW MEGALITHIOC SITE OF JHARKHAND.


People gather along with me to view the Winter Solstice sunrise in the site

The triangular pointer is positioned perfectly to point towards the sunrise of the Winter Solstice

Archaeologists, scholars, archaeoastronomers from all over the world as England, France, Germany and Russia apart from various megalith lovers from other parts of the nation thronged to the site. Several documentaries were made on the site.
Archaeologists of ASI, State Secretary, DCs, Commissioner all visited the site and suggested immediate protection of the site.
They all lied as these people had no interest in protecting a tribal megalithic site hence nothing was done and today the site has been completely vandalized by uprooting the astronomically planted stones. The triangular pointers towards the sunrises are grounded to dust and burial stones have been towed away.
In the process the a major source of India’s prehistory is lost along with the evidence that mathematics and astronomy was known to the ancient tribals thousands of years prior to the Brahmanical astronomers.